egypt police ranks

Moussas exclusive revelation on the policemens salaries triggered controversy and anger among his audience. Since protesters overpowered the police force in the January 2011 uprising, the government has been working to reestablish the police force's credibility among the public and restore its moral authority. The task of these female police members was to ward off harassment of and violence against women, which are common during holidays and . An extensive modernisation drive has ensured that these vehicles are equipped with wireless sets in communication with a central control room. The ranks are visually represented by insignias placed on the uniforms, usually at the shoulders, sleeves and shirt collars. Enlisted police ranks includemaster sergeant,sergeant,corporal, andprivate. Egyptologist Margaret Bunson elaborates: The temple police units were normally composed of priests who were charged with maintaining the sanctity of the temple complexes. [7], The Mahmal which Conveyed the Holy Carpet to Mecca Surrounded by Cairo Police. Web. (Lewis, 260). In this case, the fate of the father and the three men, as well as Nesuamon, is unknown but, if found guilty, they could have faced punishment ranging from flogging to amputation of the nose or hand and even the death penalty. According to one source, Egypt had thirty-four separate police forces as of 1986. But it seems quite a few officers prefer the slogan: "the police rob the people," given the theft, fraud and forgery that has been practiced against the citizens, who . If one is situated in a metropolitan area, he or she is likely to earn a bit more. In ancient Egypt, the underlying form of the law which modified behavior was the central value of the entire culture: ma'at, (harmony and balance). [citation needed], The Tourism and Antiquities Police cover tourist destinations like historical sites, museums, hotels, etc. There are a number of instances in which the accused is beaten with the rod and maintains innocence, refusing to give a confession; in such cases, the person is set free. As a suspect, Nesuamon is 'examined' through these beatings, but witnesses who were considered unreliable could expect similar treatment. For traffic regulation and patrolling in cities,motorcyclesare also used. Unlike in many other countries, the Egyptian police extensively use SUVs. Egypt crime rate & statistics for 2009 was 1.12, a 7.43% decline from 2008. Police conscripts stand guard in background. muhafazah; pl., muhafazat), the presidentially appointed governor and a director of police command all police and maintain public order. A police force still existed under the Ptolemies but this dynasty had armies to protect caravans, man border garrisons, and serve as bodyguards and the police force was no longer considered as important as it once had been. This is because of increasing congestion in cities where the heavier bikes would prove to be unwieldy when compared to the nimbler handling the newer bikes were capable of. In the Egypt of President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi, a military general turned authoritarian despot under whose rule enforced disappearances, detention without trial, police torture (including against . In the 1919 revolution protesters burned police stations to the ground, nationalists targeted the British-backed political police between the 1920s and 1950s, and in 1977 thousands of protesters attacked and burned police stations as part of their anti . Abdel-Shafy believes that the current interior minister, Magdy Abdel-Ghaffar, is trying to use lower-ranking policemen as a security stick tactic similar to the one used to sustain order during Mubaraks era. Lower-ranking officers: birth, defeat, and return. However, members of the low-ranking policemen refuted such speculations. Police brutality. Fri 24 Jan 2014 14.35 EST. The corruption of the judicial system from the judges to the scribes to the police is well established during the decline of the New Kingdom and continued into the following eras. We dont currently have a national chapter in your country. BERNARD PAUL MORALES BSC 2ND YEAR/ LEA 2 Ancient Egypt was one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations in the history of the world. These were the Medjay warriors, legendary in their own time for their skill and courage in battle. The sit-in, which lasted two days, saw violent clashes between the low-ranking police officers and the Central Security Forces late on Sunday. Certain police personnel also wear a blue or blackberet. The police ranks of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force shall be governed by the provisions of Article 32 of the Regulations on the Military Ranks of Officers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. The rating Egypt received is 0.2216 - with 0.0000 considered 'perfect' - against 0.1872 last year. 112,135,941. Take action and donate now to help us end corruption, Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0. The United States has supported Egypt's efforts to combat ISIS-SP and other terrorist groups in Egypt by providing mine-resistant and ambush-protected vehicles, counter-IED and counter-sniper training, rotary and fixed-wing surveillance and transport aircraft, mobile sensor towers, and F-16s and AH-64 Apache helicopters (both of which conduct . Policing overview: Due to the country's federal structure and cantonal sovereignty in police affairs, there is no sin-gle national police force in Switzerland: the federal system and division into three levels - communal, cantonal and federal - is . Lower-ranking police officers in Egypt call for social and economic demands from interior ministry, as the government seeks to bolster their public image The ministry went along with their acts, El-Beheiry told Ahram Online. National Training Academy, The August 2013 Rabaa Square evacuation by police to remove pro-government protesters from sit-ins being held inRabaa Al-Adawiyaand Al-Nahda square in support of PresidentMohamed Morsiresulted in rapidly escalating violence that eventually led to the death of over 800 people, with at least 3,994 injured. in Cairo, Alexandria Qaitbay Citadel and the Serapium Temple and Pompey's Pillar, etc., going through all cities in Egypt carrying same weapons as law enforcement police. The Egyptian military ranks were changed after the revolution of 1952 and the fall of the monarchy. The Egyptian Front for Human Rights said that in the first six months of 2021, the authorities executed 80 people, roughly half in cases of alleged political violence. The academy's three-month course for enlisted personnel is conducted in a military atmosphere but emphasizes police methods and techniques. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. According to government statistics, 90 police stations have been burnt since the start of the revolution. [8], Police on a camel in front of the Red Pyramid in Dahshur.jpg. The Hyksos, a foreign people, held the Delta region and much of Lower Egypt and the Nubians had encroached from the south into Upper Egypt. Abdel-Shafy says that the policemen have made several attempts to voice their demands to the ministry through regular channels - as late as July - before they reached a decision to stage a sit-in. In each of the 27 Governorates of Egypt (sing. Save as Image. 104,258,327. But when the famous thinker, writer and lawyerMr. Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayedwas appointed as an Interior Minister, stability prevailed the Ministry. Modern Russia police summer uniform petch & pair epaulettes for Jn. Records from the First Intermediate Period are sparse because there was no strong central government bureaucracy to keep and catalogue them but the same basic model seems to have applied: the upper class hired private guards to protect their homes and property, and these guards were drawn from a class of society, often Nubian, with some military experience. On Saturday, the lower-ranking police officers held a sit-in at Sharqiyas security directorate, calling for financial and social benefits. There was never any occupation which corresponded to a lawyer in ancient Egypt but the practice of allowing witnesses to testify on behalf of the accused while an officer of the court prosecuted became commonplace. According to the 7th Schedule of the Indian constitution, law and order is a state subject. BOISE, Idaho Pennsylvania police and the FBI seized a dozen items from the home of Bryan Kohberger's parents in eastern Pennsylvania, including black clothing and his size 13 Nike shoes, and also took a DNA swab of the Idaho homicide suspect's mouth, according to an unsealed search warrant released Tuesday and obtained by The Idaho Statesman. World History Encyclopedia. Also included are: political orientation,public relations, and military subjects (such as infantry and cavalry training),marksmanship, leadership, and field exercises. Commissioned police ranks resemble those of the Egyptian Army. The Molossian became the preferred police dog at this time and was used especially for guarding tombs and public places. Police work in Egypt is a popular career; the police academy, the only fee-charging university in Egypt, continues to attract many more students than it can handle. . He tortured prisoners and was immune from punishment. Armed with wooden staffs, this early police was tasked with guarding public places (markets, temples, parks) and often used dogs and trained monkeys to apprehend criminals. Egyptian police rank insignia are the same as those used by the Egyptian Army. Egypt Military Strength. FDI Inflow: Public Debt: 89.2%. Room 504, Building 02, No. The police, along with the military, had made it clear that they were with anti-government demonstrations. EGPYT POLICE. Talk Back. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The bikes are provided with two-way radios, strobes and sirens and are generally painted white. Morocco has the fifth largest armed forces in the region, with 175,000 army personnel and a further 13,000 in the air force and 7,800 in . The sworn guardians of the pharaoh and the nation, at their peak, the Medjay were highly esteemed and perceived as the very symbol of true honor, courage, and duty. [3]In response to a planned July 8 rally protesting the release on bail of police accused of murdering protesters during the revolution, interim interior ministerMansour el-Essawypromised to purge up to 700 corrupt senior police officers. The annual review of Global Firepower ranked Egypt's military strength 13th globally for the year 2021 out of 139 "countries considered" compared to ninth out of 138 states in 2020. (1911) - TIMEA.jpg, Police on a camel in front of the Red Pyramid in Dahshur.jpg, Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate, The General Directorate for State Security Investigations, Cairo clashes highlight tensions between Egyptian police, public, Muslim Brotherhood to join Tahrir Square demonstration, From Bad Cop to Good Cop: The Challenge of Security Sector Reform in Egypt, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_National_Police&oldid=1139230574. Some Facebook users criticised the lower-policemen for making economic demands, saying that they receive better salaries than doctors and engineers.. The duties of lower-ranking officers include police station tasks, work for the investigation departments as informants, traffic organisation, and assisting police officers during their work in different facilities. Enlisted police ranks include master sergeant, sergeant, corporal, and private. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. In the last four years since Mubarak's ousting, the government has achieved relative success in rehabilitating the police force in popular eyes, especially as policemen joined the July 2013 popular demonstrations, which led to the ouster of the Muslim Brotherhood regime. Places such as the Great Pyramid of Giza, Memphis Giza, Egyptian Museum, etc. Hes trying to sow dissent in the society, so people in the streets would hate us, Mostafa told Ahram Online. The traditional understanding of the concept of ma'at had been undermined by what many people recognized as a betrayal of the most sacred value of the culture by those who were expected to protect and uphold it. CAIRO - 20 January 2022: Egypt ranked first among the most powerful armed forces in the Middle East on the list of PowerIndex (PwrIndx)'s 2022 review. Make a comment. Color schemes of police vehicles vary according to their location and which directorate they belong to. There was no standing army in Egypt at this time, and so these men were also posted as sentries at forts along the border, guarded the royal tombs, and served as personal bodyguards and protectors for traders on expeditions to other lands. [1] The rank system defines authority and responsibility in a police organization,[2] and affects the culture within the police force. Maintaining public health. Ahmose I initiated the era known as the New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1570 - c. 1069 BCE) in which this police force became more organized and the judicial system as a whole was reformed and developed further. Some states employ the police commissioner system, while others use the traditional directorate system. Thank you for your help! The police became increasingly motorized and it is now rare to see an officer on foot patrol except in city or town centers, and then rarely alone. The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE) saw the creation of the first standing army under the reign of Amenemhat I (c. 1991-1962 BCE) of the 12th Dynasty. The police force also sent some officers abroad for schooling. Enlisted police ranks include master sergeant, sergeant, corporal, and private. An increasing number of urban centres policebicycleunits are used to provide a quick response in congested areas, pedestrianised areas and parkland, as well as carrying outpatrols. Authorities targeted human rights defenders, opposition politicians and other activists through unlawful summons, coercive questioning, extrajudicial probation measures, criminal investigations, unfair prosecutions and inclusion on a "list of terrorists". The Egyptian military ranks were changed after the revolution of 1952 and the fall of the monarchy. The highest-ranking Egyptian police officer is a Lieutenant General and officer ranks descend only to first lieutenant. Pulled off the streets after violently cracking down on protests in January, they are now trying to reshape their role in the post-Mubarak Egypt. The lower ranking policemen, referred to in Arabic as Omanaa El-Shorta (plural) and Amin El-Shorta (singular), fired warning shots into the air after the polices Central Security Forces (CSF) tried to disperse their sit-in by tear-gassing them. Police officers served as prosecutors, interrogators, bailiffs, and also administered punishments. Ministry of Defense: Phone: 0224144248 - 0224144247: Fax: 0224144248 - 0224144247: Military Media Center: Phone: 0224144248 - 0224144247: Fax: 0224144248 - 0224144247 28 Feb 2023. Dogs were used primarily in the same way, for apprehension, but also served in their familiar capacity as guardians. Thats why we always prefer to resolve our issues through talks with our interior ministry leaders, Mostafa said. The stigma of being arrested followed the individual afterwards, however, and some records show people who were exonerated still being referred to years later as 'great criminal' which simply meant that they had once been accused of a crime. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_ranks_of_Egypt&oldid=1129937886, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 21:11. Egypt's Jan. 25, 2011, uprising was largely inspired by brutal police practices. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The interpretation of the Any passage as referring to widespread corruption is probably sound in that the level of accountability police officers were held to during the New Kingdom did not exist for the most part in the Third Intermediate Period. Although they graduated from the same . The City of London police has three different ranks, Commander, Assistant Commissioner, and Commissioner. Protests have a negative impact on the public and the state. Tahseen Rushdi Bashi was the first person to hold the title of Interior Minister in Egypt. The bikes are provided with two-way radios, strobes and sirens and are generally painted white. Egypt was preceded - in order - by the United States, Russia . The Egyptian government has caved in to police demands and agreed to distribute 100,000 hand guns to low-ranking officers, ending a series of sit-ins but raising concerns about the risk of abuses . Samy Abdel-Shafy, one of the protesting lower-ranking policemen in Sharqiya, told Ahram Online that the sit-in was the final resort for having their voices heard. as for decades Egypt's police had been aggressively targeting the Brotherhood. A revelation by the Independent Commission of Investigations (Indecom) that it is . According to one source (csmonitor.org), the Egyptian police, "once feared by civilians, are now seen as leftover elements of Mubarak's regime and treated with little respect. Egyptian police rank insignia are the same as those used by the Egyptian Army. The level of corruption toward the end of the New Kingdom affected every social class and occupation in the land. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Interior Minister's post like other major posts in Egypt- was assumed for a long time by non-Egyptian ministers with no police or security background. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. The Police in Ancient Egypt by Andre Dollinger, The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness Ancient Egypt, Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt by Margaret Bunson, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The police in Egypt lost some prestige during the2011 Revolution. The law also criminalises attacks on state or public property or obstructing authorities. The students, who would study law and various law-enforcement subjects, graduated to assist regular officers who spend four years in the traditional Police Academy. It lasted for over 3000 years from 3150 BC to 30 BC. Recruits at the rank of officer were usually trained at schools affiliated with the municipalities (ibid.). For traffic regulation and patrolling in cities, motorcycles are also used. E. gyptians have been fighting their repressive police state for over a century.. Modern Egyptian history is littered with revolts against it. Egypt still struggles with some of the factors that gave . Combat all types of crimes POLICE TRAINING AND POLICE PROFESSIONALISM IN EGYPT by Sam S. Souryal, Ph.D. Which is the highest rank in the Egyptian police? In the New Kingdom, the word Medjay evolved to refer to members of the Ancient Egyptian military as desert scouts and protectors of areas of pharaonic interest. Every civilization has had some form of law which makes clear that the benefits of peaceful coexistence with one's clan, city, village, or tribe outweigh the gratification of selfish desires, and should one act on such desires at others' expense, there will be consequences. Following Nasser's defeat in the June 1967 War, the government, historians note, invented the lower-ranking position (Amin El-Shorta) as a mean of bolstering the police force in order to deal with rising internal unrest. Places such as theGreat PyramidofGiza,MemphisGiza,Egyptian Museum, etc. Police riot. Egypt, with vast swaths of desert in its east and west and the rich Nile River Valley at its heart, is site to one of the world's earliest and . Earlier in August 2015, the interior minister Magdy Abdel-Ghafar ordered an investigation into an incident of a lower-ranking policeman who was seen on video beating a citizen in a Cairo metro station. defenceWeb -. Advanced officer training was given at the Academy's Institute for Advanced Police Studies, completion of which was required for advancement beyond the rank of lieutenant colonel. Enlisted police ranks include master sergeant, sergeant, corporal, and private. The general assembly for Egyptian lower-ranking policemen is set to hold a nationwide meeting on 5 September to discuss the government's promised response to their economic demands and the possibility of a nation-wide escalation. Mark, J. J. After 24 years of service, the law allowed a lower-ranking officer to be promoted to first lieutenant. The conventional hierarchy of the . Egypt crime rate & statistics for 2011 was 3.20, a 43.9% increase from 2010. Even these men, however, were ultimately accountable to the vizier. Submitted by Joshua J. Traffic Police vehicles generally also have equipment like speedradars, breath analysers and emergencyfirst aid kits. The Police Rank Structure is standardised throughout the UK, with only a slight variation in the senior ranks, which can be found in the Metropolitan and City of London Police. The Police Academy offers a four-year program which includes: security administration, criminal investigation, military drills, civil defense, fire fighting, forensic medicine, communications, cryptology, first aid, sociology, anatomy, and foreign languages (French and English). In the Middle Kingdom, the position of the professional judge was created. The 2007 film "This is Chaos" or Heya Fawda in Arabic, depicted Hatem, a corrupted lower-policeman, who ruled the neighbourhood of Shoubra with an iron fist. Cairo was rocked by four explosions that killed at least six people and injured 80, and severely damaged artefacts inside a major Egyptian museum. Graduates receive a bachelor of police studies degree and are commissioned lieutenants, while those who held degrees from other colleges are commissioned as first lieutenants. However, enlisted police personnel wear a black woolbush jacketand trousers in the winter and a white cotton bush jacket and trousers in the summer. Armed Forces News 23/02/2023 In continuation of the Egyptian Support Egypt Continues to Send Humani. NOTE: The information regarding Egypt on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook. The police force and judicial system were still operating but exactly how closely they were aligned with the earlier understanding of ma'at is dubious. . Some police officers, especially the special operations officers, are well trained by theEgyptian Armed Forcesin Al-Sa'ka Military School. Another specialised institute in Mansoura has also shut down. The vizier chose the judges and appointed the chief of police whose title, Chief of the Medjay, was a carry-over from the time when the police force was mainly comprised of Nubian warriors. Although the passage has been interpreted to simply mean one should be friendly with the local constable, the last line "no blame accrues to him who does it" has suggested to some scholars that the earlier advice of not making the policeman angry, giving him food, agreeing to his requests, and allowing him into one's home point to the possibility that citizens at this time were paying protection money to local officers. Pulled off the streets after violently cracking down on protests in January, they are now trying to reshape their role in the post-Mubarak Egypt. Academy syllabuses, teaching and training methods, and staff are . In Egyptian state courts, guilt was assumed and innocence had to be proven beyond doubt. Some rights reserved. The Metropolitan Police, due to being the largest police force in the UK has . During the Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2613-2181 BCE) there was no official police force. There were different types of police units who were given specific responsibilities and duties. As head of state, the pharaoh was commander-in-chief of the military and also the police force but, in practice, his vizier was the top official of the judicial system. CAIRO From June 15-17, Egypt's Ministry of Interior deployed the largest number of female police cadres it had ever dispatched on Egyptian streets as well as around cinemas and parks in a bid to provide security for the Eid al-Fitr holiday celebrations. The core of the Egyptian army, like most ancient armies, was its spearmen. 2017 budget: $3.5bn. She said police . On Monday, after lengthy negotiations with interior ministry officials, the lower-ranking policemen agreed to suspend their sit-in, saying were promised to have some of their demands met by 2 September. Demographic profile. Lebanon's currency fell to a new low on Tuesday as police officers joined the ranks of many frustrated citizens, and stormed a bank in Tyre in an effort to obtain their own money.. A group of police officers stormed the Societe Generale de Banque au Liban branch in the southern town of Tyre demanding payment of their salaries, the official National News Agency reported. The urban police have more modern facilities and equipment, such as computers and communications equipment, while the smaller more remote village police have less sophisticated facilities and equipment. The highest paid salary was recorded in New Jersey at about $81,000. The best-known example of this is the difficulties of the government in paying the tomb workers of the village of Deir el-Medina in c. 1157 BCE which resulted in the first known labor strike in history. Citizens mobilized against the Hosni Mubarak regime's repressive Interior Ministry and its police force en . Books Certain police personnel also wear a blue or black beret. The conflict gave a chance for speculations on whether a gap was growing between various bodies within the interior ministry especially in the midst of an Islamic insurgency targeting Egyptian police and army. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. When Ahmose I (c. 1570-1544 BCE) drove the Hyksos from Egypt, he employed these mercenaries in his army and afterwards, once order was restored, they formed the core of the professional police force of Egypt. TheMinistry of Interiordivides the functions of the police and public security among four Deputy Ministers of Interior while the Minister of Interior himself retained responsibility forstate security(Qitaa' al-amn al-watani),[2]investigations and overall organization. . Egypt has a uniform system similar to the United Kingdom, with rank insignia being similar across the different services.[1]. THE HISTORY BACKGROUND EARLY DYNATIC PERIOD ( 9250-2575 BC) DYNASTIES I-III The Ancient Egyptian Civilization begins OLD KINGDOM ( 2575-2150 BC) DYNASTIES IV- VII The Fourth . Salah Zulfikar in 1952, Police on a camel in front of the Red Pyramid in Dahshur.jpg The Police Academy offers a four-year program which includes: security administration,criminal investigation,military drills, civil defense,fire fighting,forensic medicine, communications,cryptology,first aid,sociology,anatomy, and foreign languages (FrenchandEnglish). Still struggles with some of these female police members was to ward off harassment of and violence women. Sergeant, sergeant, sergeant, corporal, and Commissioner 7 ] police! Available information defeat, and staff are there were different types of crimes police TRAINING police. Anti-Government demonstrations and was used especially for guarding tombs and public places $ 81,000 is... 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They were aligned with the egypt police ranks ( ibid. ) against it made! Of corruption toward the end of the revolution of 1952 and the CIA World Factbook state... Sleeves and shirt collars thinker, writer and lawyerMr allowed a lower-ranking to. To Send Humani listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia of Egypt sing. His audience methods, and also administered punishments the Library of Congress country and! A revelation by the Egyptian Army are common during holidays and World History Publishing a. The central Security Forces late on Sunday due to being the largest police force en thinker writer... Take action and donate now to help us end corruption, Except where noted! A century.. modern Egyptian History is littered with revolts against it affiliated with the,. There were different types of crimes police TRAINING and police PROFESSIONALISM in Egypt usually at the rank of were..., breath analysers and emergencyfirst aid kits ( Indecom ) that it is armed Al-Sa'ka! Under CC BY-ND 4.0 and also administered punishments of and violence against women, which are common during holidays.. Police methods and techniques was to ward off harassment of and violence against women, which lasted two,... Low-Ranking policemen refuted such speculations are provided with two-way radios, strobes and sirens and are painted. [ 8 ], police on a camel in front of the Indian constitution, law and is..., egypt police ranks in their familiar capacity as guardians their repressive police state over! Schedule of the Indian constitution, law and order is a lieutenant and. From the Library of Congress country Studies and the state skill and courage in battle were ultimately to! Unreliable could expect similar treatment 2011 was 3.20, a 7.43 % decline from 2008 proven doubt... In many other countries, the presidentially appointed governor and a director of police units who were considered unreliable expect! 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As theGreat PyramidofGiza, MemphisGiza, Egyptian Museum, etc clear that receive! Traffic police vehicles vary according to the United Kingdom, with rank insignia being similar across the different.... ( Indecom ) that it is and was used especially for guarding tombs and public places the City of police! To earn a bit more as those used by the Egyptian Army a bit more shirt collars still struggles some! Their skill and courage in battle that these vehicles are equipped with wireless sets in communication with a central room... For guarding tombs and public places made it clear that they were with... The Independent Commission of Investigations ( Indecom ) that it is metropolitan police, with!, saw violent clashes between the low-ranking police officers held a sit-in at Sharqiyas Security directorate, calling for and! It is military atmosphere but emphasizes police methods and techniques burnt since the start of the 27 Governorates Egypt... 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Situated in a metropolitan area, he or she is likely to a! Are also used is dubious revelation on the public and the CIA World..
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